Temporal analysis of mortality from preventable causes in the first 24 hours of life, 2000-2021. / Análisis temporal de la mortalidad por causas evitables en las primeras 24 horas de vida, 2000-2021.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the temporal pattern and estimate mortality rates in the first 24 hours of life and from preventable causes in the state of Pernambuco from 2000 to 2021. METHOD: an ecological study, using the quarter as the unit of analysis. The data source was made up of the Mortality Information System and the Live Birth Information System. The time series modeling was conducted according to the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model. RESULTS: 14,462 deaths were recorded in the first 24 hours of life, 11,110 (76.8%) of which being preventable. It is observed from the forecasts that the mortality rate in the first 24 hours of life ranged from 3.3 to 2.4 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate from preventable causes ranged from 2.3 to 1.8 per 1,000 live births. CONCLUSION: the prediction suggested progress in reducing mortality in the first 24 hours of life in the state and from preventable causes. The ARIMA models presented satisfactory estimates for mortality rates and preventable causes in the first 24 hours of life.

Análisis temporal de la mortalidad por causas evitables en las primeras 24 horas de vida, 2000-2021 / Temporal analysis of mortality from preventable causes in the first 24 hours of life, 2000-2021 / Análise temporal da mortalidade por causas evitáveis nas primeiras 24 horas de vida, 2000-2021

Objetivo: analizar el patrón temporal y estimar las tasas de mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida y por causas evitables en el estado de Pernambuco en el período de 2000 a 2021. Método: estudio ecológico, teniendo como unidad de análisis el trimestre. La fuente de datos se constituyó por el Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad y el Sistema de Informaciones sobre Nacidos Vivos. El modelado de series temporales se realizó según el Modelo Autorregresivo Integrado de Promedio Móvil. Resultados: se registraron 14.462 óbitos en las primeras 24 horas de vida, siendo 11.110 (el 76,8%) evitables. Se observa para los pronósticos ( forecasts) que la tasa de mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida registro una variación de 3,3 a 2,4 por 1.000 nacidos vivos, y la tasa de mortalidad por causas evitables de 2,3 a 1,8 por 1.000 nacidos vivos. Conclusión: la predicción sugirió avances en la reducción de la mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida en el estado y por causas evitables. Los modelos ARIMA presentaron estimaciones satisfactorias para las tasas de mortalidad y por causas evitables en las primeras 24 horas de vida.

Objective: to analyze the temporal pattern and estimate mortality rates in the first 24 hours of life and from preventable causes in the state of Pernambuco from 2000 to 2021. Method: an ecological study, using the quarter as the unit of analysis. The data source was made up of the Mortality Information System and the Live Birth Information System. The time series modeling was conducted according to the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model. Results: 14,462 deaths were recorded in the first 24 hours of life, 11,110 (76.8%) of which being preventable. It is observed from the forecasts that the mortality rate in the first 24 hours of life ranged from 3.3 to 2.4 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate from preventable causes ranged from 2.3 to 1.8 per 1,000 live births. Conclusion: the prediction suggested progress in reducing mortality in the first 24 hours of life in the state and from preventable causes. The ARIMA models presented satisfactory estimates for mortality rates and preventable causes in the first 24 hours of life.

Objetivo: analisar o padrão temporal e estimar as taxas de mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e por causas evitáveis no estado de Pernambuco no período de 2000 a 2021. Método: estudo ecológico, tendo como unidade de análise o trimestre. A fonte de dados foi constituída pelo Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade e pelo Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos. A modelagem da série temporal foi conduzida segundo o Modelo Autorregressivo Integrado de Médias Móveis. Resultados: foram registrados 14.462 óbitos nas primeiras 24 horas de vida, sendo 11.110 (76,8%) evitáveis. Observa-se para os forecasts que a taxa de mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida variou de 3,3 a 2,4 por 1.000 nascidos vivos, e a taxa de mortalidade por causas evitáveis variou de 2,3 a 1,8 por 1.000 nascidos vivos. Conclusão: a previsão sugeriu avanços na redução da mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida no estado e por causas evitáveis. Os modelos ARIMA apresentaram estimativas satisfatórias para as taxas de mortalidade e por causas evitáveis nas primeiras 24 horas de vida.

Violência contra mulheres e a pandemia da covid-19 no estado de Pernambuco / Violence against women and the COVID-19 pandemic in the state of Pernambuco / Violencia contra la mujer y pandemia de la COVID-19 en el estado de Pernambuco

O início do ano de 2020 foi marcado pelo surgimento da covid-19. Com o intuito de reduzir o número de casos da doença, algumas estratégias foram adotadas, como o isolamento social e a quarentena. Diante dessas medidas, muitas mulheres que já eram vítimas da violência ficaram sujeitas a conviver 24 horas por dia com seu parceiro agressor. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever os homicídios e a violência doméstica e familiar perpetrada contra a mulher antes e durante a pandemia da covid-19 no estado de Pernambuco. Realizaram-se três estudos: (1) estudo ecológico misto da violência contra a mulher, homicídios femininos e feminicídios antes da pandemia, no qual foi utilizado o método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários (regressão linear simples) para estimar retas de tendência. No período pré-pandêmico (2016-2019), ocorreram 33.289 notificações de violência contra a mulher, 1.038 homicídios femininos e 319 feminicídios. Foi constatado que, dos 184 municípios, 142 (76,8%) apresentaram tendência crescente na análise da taxa de violência contra mulher, com predomínio na mesorregião do Agreste; para os homicídios femininos e feminicídios, 83 (44,9%) e 113 (61,1%) dos municípios tiveram tendência estacionária, respectivamente. (2) Estudo transversal com abordagem quantitativa para discutir a violência doméstica contra a mulher durante os primeiros seis meses do ano de 2019 em comparação com o mesmo período do ano de 2020, que correspondeu ao período de distanciamento social mais rígido no estado. Nos estágios iniciais da pandemia da covid-19, foram registrados 19.496 casos de violência doméstica e familiar contra a mulher, com redução de 7,4% quando comparado ao mesmo período do ano de 2019 (21.064 registros). (3) Estudo ecológico de série temporal (2015-2020) do número e das taxas dos homicídios femininos nas mesorregiões do estado de Pernambuco. A análise temporal dos homicídios femininos mostrou tendência crescente das taxas de homicídios na mesorregião do Sertão e na faixa etária de 20-39 anos em 2020. Assim, a pandemia da covid-19 mostrou as vulnerabilidades já existentes na vida das mulheres, aumentando a situação de risco daquelas que vivam em situação de violência.

The year 2020 was marked by the emergence of COVID-19. To reduce the number of cases, preventive measures such as social distancing and quarantine were adopted, putting many women who were already victims of violence in the position of living with their partner 24 hours a day. This study described the homicides and domestic violence perpetrated against women before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the state of Pernambuco. Three studies were conducted: 1) a mixed ecological study on violence against women, female homicides and feminicides before the pandemic, with trend lines estimated by ordinary least squares (simple linear regression). The pre-pandemic period (2016-2019) recorded 33,289 notifications of violence against women, 1,038 female homicides, and 319 feminicides. Of the 184 municipalities, 142 (76.8%) showed an increasing trend in the rate of violence against women, predominantly in the Agreste mesoregion; 83 (44.9%) and 113 (61.1%) municipalities showed a stationary trend for female homicides and feminicides, respectively; 2) a quantitative cross-sectional study discussing domestic violence against women during the first six months of 2019 compared to the same period in 2020 (period of stricter social distancing in the state). The early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic recorded 19,496 cases of domestic and family violence against women, a 7.4% reduction when compared with the same period in 2019 (21,064 records); 3) an ecological time series study (2015-2020) on the number and rates of female homicides in the Pernambuco mesoregions. Temporal analysis of female homicides showed an increasing rate trend in the Sertão mesoregion among the age group 20-39 years in 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic unveiled the already existing vulnerabilities in women's lives, increasing the risk situation of those already living in situations of violence.

El inicio del año 2020 estuvo marcado por el surgimiento de la COVID-19. Para reducir los contagios de esa enfermedad, se adoptaron algunas estrategias, como el aislamiento social y la cuarentena. Ante estas medidas, muchas mujeres que ya eran víctimas de violencia se vieron sometidas a convivir las 24 horas al día con su pareja agresora. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los homicidios y la violencia doméstica y familiar perpetrados contra las mujeres antes y durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 en el estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). Se realizaron tres estudios: 1) Estudio ecológico mixto de violencia contra la mujer, homicidios femeninos y feminicidios antes de la pandemia, en el cual se utilizó el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (regresión lineal simple) para estimar las líneas de tendencia. En el periodo prepandémico (2016-2019) hubo 33.289 notificaciones de violencia contra las mujeres, 1.038 homicidios femeninos y 319 feminicidios. Se encontró que, de los 184 municipios, 142 (76,8%) mostraron una tendencia creciente en el análisis de la tasa de violencia contra las mujeres, con predominio en la mesorregión de Agreste; para los homicidios femeninos y feminicidios 83 (44,9%) y 113 (61,1%) de los municipios, respectivamente, tuvieron una tendencia estacionaria. 2) Estudio transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo, para discutir la violencia doméstica contra las mujeres, durante los primeros seis meses del año 2019 en comparación con el mismo período del 2020, que correspondió al período de distanciamiento social más estricto en el estado. Se registraron 19.496 casos de violencia doméstica y familiar contra la mujer, con una reducción del 7,4% en comparación con el mismo período del año 2019 (21.064 registros). 3) Estudio ecológico de series temporales (2015-2020) del número y tasas de homicidios femeninos en las mesorregiones del estado de Pernambuco. El análisis temporal de los homicidios femeninos mostró una tendencia creciente de las tasas de homicidio en la mesorregión de Sertão y en el grupo de edad de entre 20-39 años en 2020. La pandemia de la COVID-19 expuso las vulnerabilidades ya existentes en la vida de las mujeres, aumentando la situación de riesgo de aquellas que ya vivían en situación de violencia.

Padrões espaciais da mortalidade fetal e carência social no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / Spatial patterns of fetal mortality and social deprivation in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil / Estándares espaciales de mortalidad fetal y privación social en el estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

A mortalidade fetal é um indicador da assistência obstétrica e de condições de vida capaz de refletir o estado de saúde da mulher e a qualidade e a acessibilidade dos cuidados no pré-natal e na assistência intraparto. Com o objetivo de analisar os padrões espaciais da mortalidade fetal, a evitabilidade dos óbitos e a carência social no estado de Pernambuco, foi realizado um estudo ecológico considerando municípios, regiões de saúde e mesorregiões como unidades de análise. Incluíram-se os óbitos fetais registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade no período de 2010 a 2017. Classificou-se a evitabilidade dos óbitos pela Lista Brasileira de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis por Intervenções do Sistema Único de Saúde. Aplicou-se a estatística descritiva e o teste qui-quadrado para comparação de proporções das causas de morte. Na elaboração do índice de carência social, utilizou-se a técnica de análise fatorial por componentes principais com o teste de esfericidade de Bartlett para identificar a matriz de correlação. Com o índice calculado, os municípios foram agrupados em estratos de carência social pela técnica de k-means. Foram aplicadas a análise bayesiana e a estatística espacial de Moran para identificação de áreas prioritárias de mortalidade fetal e do índice de carência social. Registraram-se 12.337 óbitos fetais, sendo 8.927 (72,3%) por causas evitáveis. As variáveis idade da mãe, número de filhos mortos, tipo de gravidez, tipo de parto e peso ao nascer estiveram relacionadas à evitabilidade do óbito. Na construção do índice de carência social, o teste de esfericidade de Bartlett (χ² de 144,463; p < 0,01) e o coeficiente KMO (0,8) mostraram que as correlações entre os itens eram adequadas para a análise fatorial, assim como as correlações entre os indicadores. O índice de carência social indicou dois fatores que, juntos, explicaram 77,63% da variância total. A taxa de mortalidade fetal evitável apresentou aumento entre estratos de carência social, com taxas de 7,99 por mil nascimentos (baixa carência), 8,06 por mil (média carência), 8,83 por mil (alta carência) e 10,7 por mil (muito alta carência). O índice global de Moran verificou autocorrelação espacial significativa para a taxa de mortalidade fetal bayesiana (I = 0,10; p = 0,05), para a taxa de mortalidade fetal evitável bayesiana (I = 0,13; p = 0,03) e para o índice de carência social (I = 0,53; p = 0,01). Alguns municípios das mesorregiões do São Francisco e do Sertão Pernambucano tiveram simultaneamente elevada mortalidade fetal e mortalidade fetal evitável, além de índice de carência social muito alto. A análise espacial identificou áreas com maior risco para a mortalidade fetal. O índice de carência social relacionou alguns determinantes das mortes fetais em áreas com piores condições de vida. Detectaram-se áreas prioritárias para a intervenção de políticas públicas de redução da mortalidade fetal e seus determinantes.

Fetal mortality is an indicator of obstetric care and living conditions, capable of reflecting the state of women's health and the quality and accessibility of prenatal care and intrapartum care. To analyze the spatial patterns of fetal mortality, preventability of deaths, and social deprivation in the state of Pernambuco, an ecological study was carried out considering municipalities, health regions, and mesoregions as units of analysis. Fetal deaths registered in the Mortality Information System in the period from 2010 to 2017 were included. The deaths are classified as preventable by the Brazilian List of Causes of Preventable Deaths by Interventions of the Unified Health System. Descriptive statistics and the Qui-square test were applied for comparisons of proportions of causes of death. In the elaboration of the social deprivation index, the factorial analysis technique by principal components with the Bartlett's sphericity test was used to identify the correlation matrix. With the calculated index, the municipalities were grouped in social deprivation strata by the k-means technique. Bayesian analysis and Moran's spatial statistics were applied to identify priority areas of fetal mortality and the index of social deprivation. There were 12,337 fetal deaths registered, of which 8,927 (72.3%) were due to preventable causes. The variables of mother's age, number of dead children, type of pregnancy, type of birth, and weight at birth were related to preventability of death. In the construction of the social deprivation index, Bartlett's sphericity test (χ² of 144.463; p < 0.01) and the KMO coefficient (0.8) showed that the correlations between the items were adequate for factor analysis, as well as the correlations between the indicators. The social deprivation index pointed to two factors that, together, explained 77.63% of the total variance. The rate of preventable fetal mortality showed an increase among social deprivation strata, with rates of 7.99 per thousand births (low deprivation), 8.06 per thousand (medium deprivation), 8.83 per thousand (high deprivation), and 10.7 per thousand (very high social deprivation). The global Moran index verified significant spatial autocorrelation for the Bayesian fetal mortality rate (I = 0.10; p = 0.05), for the Bayesian preventable fetal mortality rate (I = 0.13; p = 0.03) e for the o social deprivation index (I = 0.53; p = 0.01). Some municipalities of the mesoregions of São Francisco and of Sertão of Pernambuco have simultaneously high fetal mortality and preventable fetal mortality, in addition to a very high rate of social deprivation. The spatial analysis identified areas with the highest risk for fetal mortality. The index of social deprivation relates to some determinants of fetal deaths in areas with the worst living conditions. We detected priority areas for the intervention of public policies to reduce fetal mortality and its determinants.

La mortalidad fetal es un indicador de la asistencia obstétrica y de las condiciones de vida capaz de reflejar el estado de salud de la mujer y la cualidad y accesibilidad de los cuidados en el prenatal y la asistencia intraparto. Con el objetivo de analizar los estándares espaciales de la mortalidad fetal, la evitabilidad de los fallecimientos y la privación social del estado de Pernambuco (Brasil), se realizó un estudio ecológico con los municipios, las regiones de salud y las mesorregiones como unidades de análisis. Se incluyeron los fallecimientos fetales registrados en el Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad en el período de 2010 a 2017. Se clasificó la evitabilidad de los fallecimientos desde la Lista Brasileña de Causas de Muertes Evitables por Intervenciones en el Sistema Único de Salud. Se aplicaron la estadística descriptiva y la prueba de chi-cuadrado para comparar las proporciones de las causas de muerte. En la elaboración del índice de privación social, se utilizó la técnica de análisis factorial por componentes principales con la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett para identificar la matriz de correlación. Con el índice calculado, los municipios se agruparon en estados de privación desde la herramienta de k-means. Se aplicaron el análisis bayesiano y la estadística espacial de Moran para identificar las áreas prioritarias de la mortalidad fetal y el índice de privación social. Se registraron 12.337 fallecimientos fetales, de los cuales 8.927 (72,3%) fueron por causas evitables. Las variables edad de la madre, número de hijos muertos, tipo de embarazo, tipo de parto y peso al nacer estuvieron relacionadas con la evitabilidad del fallecimiento. En la construcción del índice de privación social, la prueba de esfericidad de Bartlett (χ² de 144,463; p < 0,01) y el coeficiente de KMO (0,8) mostraron que las correlaciones entre los ítems estaban adecuadas para el análisis factorial, así como las correlaciones entre los indicadores. El índice de privación social señaló a dos factores que juntos explican el 77,63% de la variancia total. La tasa de mortalidad fetal evitable tuvo un aumento entre los estados de privación social, con tasas de 7,99 por mil nacimientos (baja privación), 8,06 por mil (mediana privación), 8,83 por mil (alta privación) y 10,7 por mil (muy alta privación). El índice global de Moran evaluó la autocorrelación espacial significativa para la tasa de mortalidad fetal bayesiana (I = 0,10; p = 0,05), para la tasa de mortalidad fetal evitable bayesiana (I = 0,13; p = 0,03) y para el índice de privación social (I = 0,53; p = 0,01). Algunos municipios de las mesorregiones de São Francisco y de Sertão Pernambucano tuvieron alta mortalidad fetal, además del índice de privación social muy alto. Un análisis espacial identificó áreas con mayor riesgo de mortalidad fetal. El índice de privación social relacionó algunas de las causas de las muertes fetales en áreas con peores condiciones de vida. Se detectaron las áreas prioritarias a la intervención de las políticas públicas para reducir la mortalidad fetal y sus determinantes.

Deforestation impacts on dengue incidence in the Brazilian Amazon.

The objective of the study is to perform the spatial analysis of the conditioning factors for the increase in the incidence rate of dengue cases in municipalities located in the Amazon biome, in the period from 2016 to 2021. Three statistical approaches were applied: Moran's index, ordinary least squares regression, and geographically weighted regression. The results revealed that the incidence rates of dengue cases cluster in two areas, both located in the south of the Amazon biome, which is associated with the Arc of Deforestation. The variable deforestation influences the increase in dengue incidence rates revealed by the OLS and GWR model. The adjusted R2 of the GWR model was 0.70, that is, the model explains about 70% of the total case variation of dengue incidence rates in the Amazon biome. The results of the study evidence the need for public policies aimed at the prevention and combat of deforestation in the Amazon region.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on People With Lymphedema in an Endemic Area for Lymphatic Filariasis in Brazil.

Objectives: To investigate the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on lymphedema patients from an endemic area of lymphatic filariasis. Methods: The study descriptive compared sociodemographic and clinical aspects, risk of falling and quality of life, prior and during the COVID-19 pandemic in 28 lymphedema patients, older than 18 years old and under investigation of filarial infection. For the evaluation of functional mobility, the Time Up and Go test and The Medical Outcome Study Short Form-36 Health for quality of life, was used. Results: An increase in interdigital and dermal lesions, a higher frequency of acute dermatolymphangioadenitis crises and risk of falling, worsening of quality of life in the domains of physical functioning, general health, vitality, and mental health during the pandemic was observed. Conclusion: Our findings of clinical worsening and quality of life of patients during the COVID-19 pandemic indicate the need to reinforce the goal of the Lymphatic Filariasis Program regarding the follow-up of these patients in the actions of the Global Program for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis, due to the discontinuity in the care during the pandemic.

Influence of social and environmental factors for Culex quinquefasciatus distribution in Northeastern Brazil: a risk index.

Culex quinquefasciatus is a vector of lymphatic filariasis. One important component in planning filariasis control activities is the mapping of vector distribution. A tool that involves socio-environmental factors and Cx. quinquefasciatus density can contribute to the identification of areas that should be prioritized in surveillance actions. This is an ecological study based on the construction and validation of a risk score of urban areas according to social and environmental variables extracted from a national database. Based on this stratification, female Cx. quinquefasciatus were captured. In total, 30,635 Cx. quinquefasciatus were captured, of which 17,161 (56%) were females. The highest vector density index of mosquitoes were captured in households located in the high-risk stratum and the indicator proved to be a tool that identified an association between social and environmental conditions and areas with the highest vector density index of females Cx. quinquefasciatus.

Small-fibre neuropathy in leprosy the role of in vivo confocal microscopy: A cross-sectional study.

Background Leprosy (or Hansen's disease) continues to present considerable challenges regarding containment and early diagnosis. Leprosy is considered to be primarily a neural disease that first affects the sensory function of small fibres. Although the condition is well described in terms of clinical manifestations and histology, few studies have been undertaken to detect damage done to small-fibre sensory nerves. In vivo confocal microscopy is a useful tool for conducting a detailed evaluation of these structures, although its use in individuals affected by leprosy has still not been explored. Objective To evaluate in vivo confocal microscopy findings in Hansen's disease patients and their association with clinical variables relating to this disease. Method A cross-sectional case-series type study was carried out between October 2019 and May 2021, in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. Socio-demographic and clinical data were gathered from 21 patients with leprosy. The douleur neuropathique 4 neuropathic pain questionnaire was used to evaluate pain. In vivo confocal microscopy of the cornea was employed to evaluate the small-calibre fibres. Findings were compared with those for a control group of 23 healthy individuals. Results In relation to clinical parameters, 90.5% of the patients were classified as "multibacillary" according to the World Health Organization criteria, and 70% as dimorphic or borderline, in accordance with the Madrid classification. Around 52.4% had received a diagnosis after one year or less of living with the disease, while 95.2% presented alterations in small-fibre sensory function and 35% presented such alterations in the large fibre. Neuropathic pain was present in 81% of the patients. In vivo confocal microscopy found no statistically significant difference in mean age and distribution according to sex between the Hansen disease patients and the control group of healthy individuals. The median-of-means for dendritic cells and volume of sub-basal nerve fibres in the control group were used to test for normality. Both eyes of all leprosy patients examined contained higher number of dendritic cells than the median value and a volume of sub-basal nerve fibres lower than the mean. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Multibacillary individuals had a median number of dendritic cells two times that of paucibacillary individuals (P = 0.035). Limitations No association was found between the variables examined using in vivo confocal microscopy and clinical variables relating to small-fibre damage, the neuropathic pain questionnaire or alterations detected by the neurological examination. We believe, however, that Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometry of the cornea may have revealed such an association. Conclusion In vivo confocal microscopy is a useful diagnostic tool for detecting small fibre loss in individuals affected by leprosy and may constitute a useful addition to the range of tools available to help curb the effects of neuropathy in these patients.

Evolução da completude das informações sobre suicídios no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, 1996 a 2015 / Evolution of the information completeness on suicides in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, from 1996 to 2015

Resumo Introdução O suicídio representa um importante problema de saúde pública no mundo. Considerado um fenômeno complexo, está associado a fatores sociais, biológicos e demográficos. A qualidade dos dados registrados na declaração de óbito é fundamental para conhecer a magnitude deste problema e subsidiar a construção de indicadores epidemiológicos que contribuem para a eficiência da gestão em saúde. Objetivo Analisar a evolução da completude dos registros de suicídio do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) no estado de Pernambuco, entre 1996 e 2015. Métodos Calculou-se a proporção de completude das variáveis da Declaração de Óbito. Para análise da tendência da completude, empregou-se o modelo de regressão Joinpoint. Resultados Houve tendência de aumento de completude das variáveis analisadas, com destaque para "raça/cor", "estado civil" e "escolaridade", com aumento superior a 60,0%. Conclusão A análise de tendência temporal mostrou melhoria no preenchimento dos dados sobre suicídio no SIM, porém, ainda figura o desafio de alcançar menos de 5,0% de incompletude para todas as variáveis. A avaliação da completude dos registros de suicídio contribui com o sistema de vigilância e com o aprimoramento das estatísticas vitais relacionadas às causas externas.

Abstract Background Suicide represents an important public health problem in the world. Considered a complex phenomenon it is associated with social, biological and demographic factors. The quality of the data registered in the Death Certificate is fundamental to know the magnitude of this problem and subsidizes the construction of epidemiological indicators that contribute to the efficiency of health management. Objective To analyze the evolution of the completeness of suicide records in the mortality information system (SIM) of the state of Pernambuco, between 1996 and 2015. Method The proportion of completeness of the death certificate variables was calculated. For the analysis of the completeness trend, the Joinpoint Regression model was used. Results There was a tendency to increase the completeness of the variables analyzed, with an emphasis on "race/color", "marital status", and "education level", with an increase of more than 60%. Conclusion Analysis of temporal trends showed an improvement in the filling of suicide data into the SIM. However, the challenge remains to reach less than 5% incompleteness across all variables. The assessment of the completeness of suicide records in the SIM is relevant for contributing to the suicide surveillance system and for the improvement of vital statistics related to external causes.

Systematic Review of Survival Analysis in Leprosy Studies-Including the Following Outcomes: Relapse, Impairment of Nerve Function, Reactions and Physical Disability.

Leprosy is a public health problem in South American, African and Oceanian countries. National programs need to be evaluated, and the survival analysis model can aid in the construction of new indicators. The aim of this study was to assess the period of time until the outcomes of interest for patients with or exposed to leprosy by means of survival analysis surveys. This review researched articles using the databases of PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Scielo and BVS published in English and Portuguese. Twenty-eight articles from Brazil, India, Bangladesh, the Philippines and Indonesia were included. The Kaplan-Meier method, which derives the log-rank test, and Cox's proportional hazards regression, which obtains the hazard ratio, were applied. The mean follow-up until the following outcomes were: (I) leprosy (2.3 years) in the population who were exposed to it, (II) relapse (5.9 years), (III) clinical manifestations before, during and after treatment-nerve function impairment (5.2 years), leprosy reactions (4.9 years) and physical disability (8.3 years) in the population of patients with leprosy. Therefore, the use of survival analysis will enable the evaluation of national leprosy programs and assist in the decision-making process to face public health problems.

Avoidable deaths in the first 24 hours of life: health care reflexes.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the risks of deaths in the first 24 hours of life and their preventable causes. METHODS: cross-sectional study carried out in Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil, between 2000-2019, with mortality and live birth data. The avoidability was analyzed through the Brazilian List of Avoidable Causes of Deaths due to Interventions of the Unified Health System. For the statistical analyses, Pearson's chi-squared test and relative and attributable risks were used. RESULTS: 13,601 deaths were registered, of which 10,497 (77.19%) were from preventable causes. Of the total, 5,513 (40.53%) were reducible through adequate care for women during pregnancy. The lower the gestational age, birth weight and education level, the higher the relative and attributable risk of death in the first 24 hours of life. CONCLUSIONS: most of the deaths were considered avoidable and with high relative and attributable risks. These early deaths suggest care failures and the need to reinforce prevention and treatment measures.

Análise espaçotemporal da mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e sua evitabilidade no estado de Pernambuco, 2000-2019 / Spatio-temporal analysis of mortality in the first 24 hours of life and its preventability in the state of Pernambuco, 2000-2019 / Análisis espaciotemporal sobre la mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida y su prevención en el estado de Pernambuco entre 2000 y 2019

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os padrões espaçotemporais da mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e sua evitabilidade no estado de Pernambuco no período de 2000 a 2019. Trata-se de estudo ecológico misto, tendo os trimestres e os municípios como unidades de análise. Constituíram-se como fontes de dados os sistemas de Informações sobre Mortalidade e Nascidos Vivos. Foram incluídos todos os óbitos no estado nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e por causas evitáveis, caracterizados conforme fatores de riscos proximais, intermediários e distais. A análise de evitabilidade dos óbitos utilizou a Lista Brasileira de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis por Intervenções do Sistema Único de Saúde. Foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade e de evitabilidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. A análise espacial foi conduzida por meio da estatística scan, e a temporal, segundo o Modelo Autorregressivo Integrado de Médias Móveis. No período de 2000 a 2019, foram registrados 13.601 óbitos nas primeiras 24 horas de vida, sendo 10.497 (77,19%) por causas evitáveis. Destes, 5.513 (40,53%) foram classificados como reduzíveis por adequada atenção à mulher na gestação. As variáveis do nível proximal idade gestacional < 22 semanas (RA = 855,01) e peso ao nascer < 1.500 gramas (RA = 204,03) representam uma parcela importante dos óbitos ocorridos nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. As variáveis idade gestacional, sexo, peso ao nascer, tipo de gravidez, tipo de parto, idade da mãe e escolaridade materna foram estatisticamente significantes (p < 0,01). A varredura espacial identificou o aumento de clusters para ambas as taxas. A análise temporal evidenciou que a taxa de mortalidade e a taxa de mortalidade por causas evitáveis apresentaram padrão estacionário no período e a previsão revelou tendência crescente. Os resultados mostraram que a mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e por causas evitáveis se configura como um problema de saúde pública no estado. Áreas de maior risco de óbito foram apontadas e a previsão revelou um aumento nas taxas.

This study aims to analyze the spatio-temporal patterns of mortality in the first 24 hours of life and its preventability in the state of Pernambuco from 2000 to 2019. This is a mixed ecological study with the quarters and the municipalities as units of analysis. The information systems on Mortality and Live Births constituted the data sources. All deaths in the state in the first 24 hours of life and from preventable causes were included, characterized according to proximal, intermediate, and distal risk factors. The analysis of preventability of deaths used the Brazilian List of Preventable Causes of Death by Interventions of the Brazilian National Health System. Mortality and preventability rates in the first 24 hours of life were calculated. Spatial analysis was conducted using scan and temporal statistics according to the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Averages Model. In the period from 2000 to 2019, 13,601 deaths were recorded in the first 24 of life, of which 10,497 (77.19%) were due to preventable causes. Of these, 5,513 (40.53%) were classified as reducible due to adequate care for women during pregnancy. The variables at the proximal level: gestational age < 22 weeks (AR = 855.01) and birth weight < 1,500 grams (AR = 204.03) represent an important part of the deaths that occurred in the first 24 hours of life. The variables gestational age, sex, birth weight, type of pregnancy, type of delivery, mother's age and maternal education were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Spatial scanning identified the increase in clusters for both rates. The temporal analysis showed that the mortality rate and the mortality rate from preventable causes presented a stationary pattern in the period and the forecast reveals a growing trend. The results show that mortality in the first 24 hours of life and from preventable causes is configured as a public health problem in the state. Areas of greater risk of death were identified and the forecast reveals an increase in the rates.

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar los patrones espaciotemporales de mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida y su prevención en el estado de Pernambuco (Brasil) en el periodo de 2000 a 2019. Se trata de un estudio ecológico mixto, con los trimestres y los municipios como unidades de análisis. Los sistemas de información sobre Mortalidad y Nacidos Vivos fueron las fuentes de datos. Se incluyeron todas las muertes en las primeras 24 horas de vida y por causas prevenibles en el estado y se caracterizaron según factores de riesgo proximal, intermedio y distal. El análisis de la prevención de las muertes utilizó la Lista Brasileña de Causas de Muerte Prevenibles por Intervenciones del Sistema Único de Salud. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad y de prevención en las primeras 24 horas de vida. El análisis espacial se llevó a cabo usando estadísticas de escaneo y análisis temporal de acuerdo con el modelo de promedios móviles integrados autorregresivos. En el período de 2000 a 2019 se registraron 13.601 muertes en las primeras 24 de vida, de las cuales 10.497 (77,19%) se debieron a causas evitables. De estas, 5.513 (40,53%) fueron clasificadas como reducibles por atención adecuada a la mujer durante el embarazo. Las variables a nivel proximal edad gestacional < 22 semanas (RA = 855,01) y peso al nacer < 1.500 gramos (RA = 204,03) representan parte importante de las muertes ocurridas en las primeras 24 horas de vida. Las variables edad gestacional, sexo, peso al nacer, tipo de embarazo, tipo de parto, edad de la madre y escolaridad materna fueron estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,01). El escaneo espacial identificó un aumento de conglomerados para ambas tasas. El análisis temporal mostró que la tasa de mortalidad y la tasa de mortalidad por causas evitables presentaron un patrón estacionario en el periodo, y el pronóstico revela una tendencia creciente. Los resultados muestran que la mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida y por causas prevenibles se configura como un problema de salud pública en el estado. Se identificaron áreas de mayor riesgo de muerte, y el pronóstico revela un aumento en las tasas.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number of births in Pernambuco Brazil.

This study aimed at analysing the potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the time series and spatial patterns of live births in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, from 2010 to 2021. This is an ecological study that applied intervention analysis in time series, with the goal to identify how projected data behaved in relation to observed data in the months December 2020 to November 2021, i.e. months representing conceptions from March2020 to April 2021. For the state of Pernambuco, a discrepancy up to +5.7% was found between the observed and projected data, while the respective difference for the São Francisco mesoregion showed the opposite trend with maximum discrepancy of -9%. The results did not indicate a clear change in the number of live births but supported the expected continuation of the downward trend of the previous years. Considering the importance of the number of live births in the context of demography, economy and public health, monitoring must be maintained to analyse the possible future impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on live birth projections.

Socio-environmental disasters and their impacts: socioeconomic consequences of the oil spill in the northeast region of Brazil.

The 2019 oil spill was the biggest in Brazilian history. Oil was found along more than 3,000 km of the Brazilian coastline, mainly in the Northeast, in more than 1,000 localities. This article analyzes the disaster's damage using a sample of interviewers who were impacted - fishers, tourism and beach hawkers - distributed along 40 of the affected municipalities in the Northeast Region of Brazil. The socio-economic indicators obtained by the research show that the impacts were not homogeneous between the segments and cities researched. Localities specialized in tourism and with a workforce relatively more specialized in fishing were the most affected. Accordingly, the populations of fishers and beach hawkers suffered the most severe impacts in terms of income reduction and the sale of products. These agents report a negative impact of the disaster on their work activities of 73% (fishers) and 65% (beach vendors), while the lodging and food sectors reported losses in about 38% of the cases. The interviewees' health indicators demonstrated that the volunteers at the oil spill clean- up suffered damage due to the exposure experienced, evidencing the public health emergency dimension of the disaster.

Analysis of the completeness of self-harm and suicide records in Pernambuco, Brazil, 2014-2016.

INTRODUCTION: Suicides and suicide attempts are major public health problems, and coping strategies are hampered by insufficient or inadequate notifications. Data accuracy influences the formulation of public and mental health policies and suicide prevention strategies. The objective of this study was to analyze the completeness of self-harm and suicide records in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, 2014-2016. METHODS: This is an evaluative study with a descriptive design. The data were collected from suicide attempt records from the Notifiable Diseases Information System and suicide records from the Mortality Information System. Probabilistic linkage was used to relate these databases, and the degree of completeness of the variables was calculated. Completeness was classified into the following categories: good (≥ 75.1%), regular (50.1%-75.0%), low (25.1%-50.0%), and very low (≤ 25.0%). RESULTS: In the analyzed period, 1,404 notifications of self-harm were studied, with an overall mean completeness of 86.2%. In addition, 1,050 suicide records were analyzed, with an overall mean completeness of 95.8%. Most variables referring to suicide attempts had good completeness, with the exception of the variables "occupation" and "education." The completeness of all suicide-related variables was rated as good. After linkage, a significant improvement was observed in the degree of completeness of the variable "occupation". CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that the completeness of self-harm and suicide variables improved from the first to the last year. The integration of data from different information systems provides an opportunity to improve suicide prevention programs and the quality of available information. Continuous efforts to increase the completeness and reliability of suicide surveillance systems are fundamental to describe the epidemiological profile and, consequently, plan preventive actions, in addition to contributing to the development and reformulation of strategies aimed at reducing morbidity and mortality related to suicidal behavior.

Spatial patterns of the total mortality over the first 24 hours of life and that due to preventable causes.

This is an ecological study analysing spatial patterns of the total mortality over the first 24 hours of life and that due to preventable causes using data from the mortality information system (SIM) and live birth information system (SINASC) based on the municipalities of Pernambuco State, Brazil. The total mortality rates over the first 24 hours and that due to preventable causes were calculated for each municipality for the decades of 2000 to 2009 and for 2010 to 2019 to enable a comparison of the spatial patterns with spatial scan statistic used to identify clusters. Over the first 24 hours of life, a total of 13,571 deaths were reported, out of which 10,476 (77.2%) were preventable. The total mortality rate over the first 24 hours of life decreased from 5.5 in the 2000- 2009 period to 3.7 per 1000 live births in the following decade: a reduction of 32.7%, while the mortality rate due to preventable causes decreased from 4.4 to 2.8 per 1000 live births, a reduction of 36.7%. In the first decade, spatial exploratory analysis found three mortality rate clusters encompassing 56 municipalities over the first 24 hours of life. With respect to preventable causes over the first 24 hours of life, two mortality rate clusters were identified encompassing 41 municipalities. Risk areas for mortality over the first 24 hours of life were detected through spatial scan statistic. This method, directed towards uncovering the geographical distribution of deaths of very premature infants, can act as a tool for identifying priority areas to guide healthcare interventions.

Spatial analysis of socio-economic factors and their relationship with the cases of COVID-19 in Pernambuco, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse the spatial distribution of rates of COVID-19 cases and its association with socio-economic conditions in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: Autocorrelation (Moran index) and spatial association (Geographically weighted regression) models were used to explain the interrelationships between municipalities and the possible effects of socio-economic factors on rates. RESULTS: Two isolated clusters were revealed in the inner part of the state in sparsely inhabited municipalities. The spatial model (Geographically Weighted Regression) was able to explain 50% of the variations in COVID-19 cases. The variables proportion of people with low income, percentage of rented homes, percentage of families in social programs, Gini index and running water had the greatest explanatory power for the increase in infection by COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide important information on socio-economic factors related to the spread of COVID-19 and can serve as a basis for decision-making in similar circumstances.

Spatial dynamics of fetal mortality and the relationship with social vulnerability.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the spatial-temporal patterns of fetal mortality according to its relationship with social vulnerability, identifying priority areas for intervention. METHODS: Ecological study conducted in the state of Pernambuco, Northeast region of Brazil, from 2011 to 2018. The mean fetal mortality rate per city was calculated for the studied period. A cluster analysis was performed to select cities with homogeneous characteristics regarding fetal mortality and social vulnerability, then the Attribute Weighting Algorithm and Pearson correlation techniques were employed. In the spatial analysis it was used the local empirical Bayesian modeling and global and local Moran statistics. RESULTS: Twelve thousand nine hundred and twelve thousand fetal deaths were registered. The fetal mortality rate for the period was 11.44 fetal deaths per 1,000 births. The number of groups formed was 7, in which correlation was identified between fetal mortality and dimensions, highlighting the correlations between fetal mortality rate and the Index of Social Vulnerability urban infrastructure for the municipalities in group 1 and 5, the values of the correlations found were 0.478 and 0.674 respectively. The spatial analysis identified areas of higher risk for fetal mortality distributed in regions of medium, high and very high social vulnerability. CONCLUSIONS: The study allowed observing the existing correlations between fetal mortality and social vulnerability and identifying priority areas for intervention, with a view to reducing fetal mortality in the state.

Avoidable deaths in the first 24 hours of life: health care reflexes / Muertes evitables en las primeras 24 horas de vida: reflejos asistenciales / Mortes evitáveis nas primeiras 24 horas de vida: reflexos da assistência à saúde

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the risks of deaths in the first 24 hours of life and their preventable causes. Methods: cross-sectional study carried out in Pernambuco, Northeast of Brazil, between 2000-2019, with mortality and live birth data. The avoidability was analyzed through the Brazilian List of Avoidable Causes of Deaths due to Interventions of the Unified Health System. For the statistical analyses, Pearson's chi-squared test and relative and attributable risks were used. Results: 13,601 deaths were registered, of which 10,497 (77.19%) were from preventable causes. Of the total, 5,513 (40.53%) were reducible through adequate care for women during pregnancy. The lower the gestational age, birth weight and education level, the higher the relative and attributable risk of death in the first 24 hours of life. Conclusions: most of the deaths were considered avoidable and with high relative and attributable risks. These early deaths suggest care failures and the need to reinforce prevention and treatment measures.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar los riesgos de muerte en las primeras 24 horas de vida y sus causas prevenibles. Métodos: estudio transversal realizado en Pernambuco, Nordeste de Brasil, entre 2000-2019, con datos de mortalidad y nacidos vivos. La evitabilidad fue analizada por la Lista Brasileña de Causas de Muerte Evitables por Intervenciones del Sistema Único de Salud. Para los análisis estadísticos se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado de Pearson y los riesgos relativos y atribuibles. Resultados: fueron registradas 13.601 muertes, de las cuales 10.497 (77,19%) se debieron a causas evitables. Del total, 5.513 (40,53%) fueron reducibles mediante una atención adecuada a la mujer durante el embarazo. Cuanto menor es la edad gestacional, el peso al nacer y el nivel educativo, mayor es el riesgo relativo y atribuible de muerte en las primeras 24 horas de vida. Conclusiones: la mayoría de las muertes se consideraron evitables y de alto riesgo relativo y atribuible. Estas muertes precoces sugieren fallas en la atención y la necesidad de reforzar las medidas de prevención y tratamiento.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar os riscos de mortes nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e suas causas evitáveis. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado em Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil, entre 2000-2019, com dados de mortalidade e nascidos vivos. Analisou-se a evitabilidade pela Lista Brasileira de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis por Intervenções do Sistema Único de Saúde. Para as análises estatísticas, utilizou-se o teste de Qui-quadrado de Pearson e os riscos relativo e atribuível. Resultados: registraram-se 13.601 óbitos, sendo 10.497 (77,19%) por causas evitáveis. Do total, 5.513 (40,53%) eram reduzíveis por adequada atenção à mulher na gestação. Quanto menor a idade gestacional, o peso ao nascer e a escolaridade, maior o risco relativo e atribuível ao óbito nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. Conclusões: a maior parte dos óbitos foram considerados evitáveis e com elevados riscos relativo e atribuível. Esses óbitos precoces sugerem falhas assistenciais e a necessidade de reforçar as medidas de prevenção e tratamento.